OpenAlex (271M works) and Semantic Scholar (214M+ works) — open scholarly citation graphs at scale

Claim: Two open scholarly knowledge graphs operate at scale:

• OpenAlex (OurResearch nonprofit) — 271.3 million works as of November 2025; launched 2022 to replace the discontinued Microsoft Academic Graph
• Semantic Scholar (Allen Institute for AI) — over 214 million publications, 80M+ authors, 2.4B+ citation edges in its 2023 snapshot per S2AG paper (arXiv:2301.10140)

Sources: Codina et al. (ResearchGate analysis) for OpenAlex; S2AG paper arXiv:2301.10140 for Semantic Scholar.

Confidence: Verified.

Open citation milestone: Open-citation data crossed 1 billion public-domain citations in February 2021, marking what Hutchins called an irreversible shift away from closed commercial providers. (arXiv:2106.04695.)

Use for Candid: Reference when arguing that "citation graphs" are mature, working infrastructure — not a science-fiction concept. The agency methodology is borrowing a pattern that already operates at 271M-node scale.