Camerer & Lovallo 1999 — excess entry driven by overconfidence about RELATIVE skill

Summary

Claim: Camerer & Lovallo (1999, American Economic Review, "Overconfidence and Excess Entry") demonstrated experimentally that excess market entry is driven by overconfidence about relative skill, and that entry was highest when participants knew success depended on skill and self-selected in — "reference-group neglect": entrants ignore that competitors also self-selected.

Source: Camerer & Lovallo 1999, AER. Experimental.

Confidence: Verified.

Why this matters for Candid: Most SMB owners who use the widget are already self-selected entrants. The bias is structural: they will under-weight competitors who also chose to enter. The widget's competitor-counting tasks (CAN — "Search your main service + city. How many businesses appear above you?" (live counting task)) directly attack this by making the competitor pool visible and concrete.