Imboden 2023 (US Census/IRS) — survey self-employment income roughly DOUBLE the admin figure

Claim: Imboden 2023 (US Census Bureau CES Working Paper), using linked survey + administrative records, found median self-employment income of $37,500 in survey data versus $18,500 in administrative records — survey reports roughly double the administrative figure.

Cabral & Gemmell 2021 (International Tax and Public Finance), a matched register-and-survey study, found self-employment income underreporting of ~20% against tax-return data — but only ~10% in survey data, meaning survey measurement error halves the apparent gap.

Source: Imboden 2023 CES Working Paper; Cabral & Gemmell 2021 ITPF. Two independent primary validation studies.

Confidence: Verified.

Why this matters for Candid: Even "objective" business figures like revenue carry large self-report error. The widget should favor binaries and BANDS over precise self-reported numbers (e.g., "how many reviews? 0 / 1-9 / 10-49 / 50-199 / 200+" rather than "how many reviews?") and read-off-screen counts over recalled ones.