{"id":1983,"slug":"tourangeau-rips-rasinski-2000-four-stage-model","title":"Tourangeau, Rips & Rasinski (2000) — the four-stage response model","kind":"reference","scope":"business","status":"current","audiences":["kevin","candid-team"],"topics":["self-report-validity","survey-question-design"],"reference_body":"**Claim:** The authoritative synthesis of survey response, Tourangeau, Rips & Rasinski, *The Psychology of Survey Response* (Cambridge University Press, 2000), models the response process as four stages — **comprehension → retrieval → judgment → response.** Each stage introduces a distinct class of error.\n\n**Source:** Tourangeau, Rips & Rasinski (2000), CUP. Corroborated across the CASM (Cognitive Aspects of Survey Methodology) literature and Schwarz (1999, *American Psychologist*, \"Self-reports: how the questions shape the answers\").\n\n**Confidence:** Verified.\n\n**Why this matters for Candid:** Every widget question hits all four stages. Most failures are at the judgment stage (the owner cannot reliably evaluate \"how strong is your SEO\") — which is why [[rule-r1-convert-judgment-to-observation]] eliminates judgment-stage questions entirely in favor of retrieval-stage (read-off-screen) and behavior-stage (yes/no actions) ones.","rationale_body":null,"metadata":null,"links":{"outgoing":[],"incoming":[{"slug":"research-brief-smb-widget-capture-layer-june-2026","title":"Research brief: SMB widget capture layer — what owners can vs cannot self-report (June 2026)","kind":"reference","scope":"business","link_type":"relates-to"},{"slug":"rule-r4-recent-distinctive-events","title":"R4 — Ask about recent, distinctive events — not vague aggregates","kind":"rule","scope":"business","link_type":"depends-on"}]},"created_at":"2026-06-23T19:16:00.818Z","updated_at":"2026-06-23T19:16:00.818Z"}