{"id":1813,"slug":"geo-paper-subjective-impression-15-30-percent","title":"GEO paper — 15–30% relative improvement on the Subjective Impression metric (LLM-rated answer quality from the source)","kind":"reference","scope":"business","status":"current","audiences":["kevin","smb-owner","candid-team"],"topics":["ai-citation","generative-engine-optimization"],"reference_body":"**Claim:** Same top methods achieved **15–30% relative improvement on the Subjective Impression metric** — an LLM-rated measure of how favourably the source comes across in the synthesised answer.\n\n**Source:** Aggarwal et al., arXiv:2311.09735 — Jun 28, 2024.\n\n**Confidence:** Verified.\n\n**Caveat:** Subjective Impression uses an LLM as judge, so the metric has the usual circularity caveats of LLM-as-judge methodology. Pair with [[geo-paper-pawc-30-40-percent-relative-improvement]] (the harder metric) for a balanced citation.\n\n**Why this matters for Candid:** The \"softer\" of the two paper metrics — useful as a corroboration but not as the headline number.","rationale_body":null,"metadata":null,"links":{"outgoing":[{"slug":"geo-paper-aggarwal-kdd-2024-citations-stats-40pct-visibility","title":"Aggarwal et al., \"GEO: Generative Engine Optimization\" (Princeton / Georgia Tech / Allen AI / IIT Delhi, KDD '24) — citations + quotations + statistics in visible text lift source visibility by >40% across queries","kind":"reference","scope":"business","link_type":"depends-on"}],"incoming":[{"slug":"research-brief-website-as-working-surface-june-2026","title":"Research brief: the website as a working surface of the business — four capabilities, AI-citation decoupling, freshness as a real signal (June 2026)","kind":"reference","scope":"business","link_type":"relates-to"},{"slug":"rule-favor-body-text-citations-stats-over-schema-for-ai-visibility","title":"R3 — Favor body-text citations, quotations and statistics over schema markup as the AI-visibility lever; the peer-reviewed lift is in body text","kind":"rule","scope":"business","link_type":"depends-on"}]},"created_at":"2026-06-21T13:17:17.680Z","updated_at":"2026-06-21T13:17:17.680Z"}